High School Social Studies Arkansas Standards

Civics - Interpretation and Application of Constitutional Principles

Civics - Political Philosophy

Civics - Structure and Functions of the Government

Analyze the organization and structure of the United States Constitution and its role in defining the powers and functions of the federal government.

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the legislative branch of government, including the legislative process and the role of the Senate in giving states equal representation, using Article I of the Constitution and other primary and secondary sources.

Analyze the relationships among the states as prescribed in the Full Faith and Credit Clause of Article IV.

Examine the reasons and processes for amending the U.S. Constitution, including the role of Congress, state legislatures, and convention of the states (Article V).

Analyze the impact of the federal government's fiscal policy on the economy and the citizens of the United States, including taxing, spending, regulation, and printing of currency.

Evaluate the roles and effectiveness various government agencies play in maintaining the nation's economic health.

Analyze the underlying causes and events that led the Founders to replace the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution, including Shays' Rebellion, the perceived weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and disputes between states.

Analyze the purposes of government as explained in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution.

Evaluate the rationale for the organization of articles of the U.S. Constitution.

Analyze the purposes of the Bill of Rights.

Compare the arguments expressed in the debate over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, including Federalist and Anti-Federalist Papers

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the executive branch of government, including the electoral college process, duties of the President, and supporting executive branch agencies using Article II of the Constitution and other primary and secondary sources.

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the judicial branch of government, including judicial review and the origin and duties of the court system and Supreme Court, as outlined by Article III of the Constitution, Marbury vs. Madison, and other primary and secondary sources.

Analyze the powers and responsibilities of the federal government:<ul><li>Enumerated</li><li>Implied</li><li>Delegated</li><li>Concurrent</li><li>Reserved</li></ul>

Analyze the reasons for and effectiveness of a system of checks and balances within the federal government.

Examine the continuity and change over time of the composition and roles of the Presidential Cabinet and federal agencies.

Evaluate the development and limitations of the federal bureaucracy as a "fourth branch" of the federal government.

Analyze the foundation and structure of federalism as prescribed in the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, the Tenth Amendment, and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.

Analyze the division of power and the relationships between federal and state government.

Understand the role of citizens in society, the ways the government protects the rights of citizens, the electoral process, and the role of political parties.

Examine how the writings of John Locke, John Winthrop, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, William Blackstone, and other sources influenced the formation of the United States government. Other sources may include:<ul><li>Key documents (e.g., Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact)</li><li>Greek (e.g., Aristotle, Greek democracy)</li><li>Roman (e.g., separation of powers, representative democracy)</li><li>Judeo-Christian traditions</li></ul>

Analyze the influence of social, economic, religious, and political factors within the American colonies, including the concept of self-government, on the formation of the American government.

Analyze social, economic, religious, and political factors that influenced the American colonists to overthrow British monarchical rule, including acts of Parliament and King George III that disrupted the colonists' way of life and governance.

Analyze social, economic, religious, and political factors, including the Great Awakening, which influenced the Founders to limit the powers of government.

Evaluate the Declaration of Independence as a persuasive argument for justifying revolution.

Analyze the Constitutional Convention and Federalist Papers to explain the decision by the Founders to establish a democratic republic.

Understand the process of making and changing laws and the ways institutions work together in carrying out the laws.

Analyze major U.S. Supreme Court decisions affecting our understanding of the U.S. Constitution, including Marbury vs. Madison and McCullah vs. Maryland.

Explain ways the U.S. Constitution and U.S. Supreme Court decisions have defined, recognized, and protected or not protected civil liberties, due process, and equal protection from governmental intrusion over time.

Define different judicial philosophies and evaluate how they have governed Supreme Court decisions over time:<ul><li>Judicial activism</li><li>Judicial restraint</li><li>Originalism</li><li>Textualism</li><li>Contextualism</li><li>Judicial pragmatism (i.e., "Living Constitution")</li></ul>

Analyze various federal laws, policies, and rulings concerning civil rights of individuals and groups.

Examine causes and effects of amendments to the U.S. Constitution after the Bill of Rights.

Apply constitutional principles, such as popular sovereignty and checks and balances, to a variety of current issues using landmark rulings.

World Era 9 (Since 1945)

World Era 8 (1900-1945)

World Era 7 (1750-1900)

World Era 6 (1450-1770)

Understand key historical periods from the emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770 (World Era 6), to the Twentieth Century Since 1945 (World Era 9). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of nations and cultures of the world.

Demonstrate proper etiquette for interacting with the Arkansas and American flags while analyzing the role of flags and symbols in world history.

Evaluate the development, expansion, and effects of industrialization in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Analyze the social, economic, and political ideas, including self-determination, liberty, and human rights, that influenced the 18th and 19th-century revolutions. This may include:<ul><li>American Revolution</li><li>French Revolution</li><li>Haitian Revolution</li><li>Latin American Wars for Independence</li><li>Norwegian War for Independence</li><li>Scottish Rebellion</li><li>United Irish Rebellion</li></ul>

Analyze written documents that both articulate and contest the powers, responsibilities, and limits of a variety of governments over time.

Analyze causes and consequences of voluntary and forced mass migration, including the efforts to reform such practices. This may include cultural practices, resource availability, the plantation system, urbanization, industrialization, conflict migration, and transatlantic abolitionism.

Compare the social and economic impact of different labor systems in the Age of Revolutions.

Analyze the causes and effects of European imperialism and new patterns of colonization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in the 19th century, including the impact of advancements in medicine, weaponry, and technology.

Analyze ways in which the perspectives of people in the present shape interpretations of the past, using available technology.

Construct historical arguments or explanations about global changes caused directly or indirectly by economic and political revolutions, using primary and secondary sources.

Compare the complex causes of revolutions worldwide in various regions such as Eastern Europe, Russia, Northern Africa, Southern Africa, China, Vietnam, India, South America, and Central America.

Examine the outcomes of social, economic, and political transformations in the West, Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Latin America.

Analyze the motivations that led to the exploration and the expansion of empires:<ul><li>Belief systems</li><li>Economic</li><li>Political</li><li>Social</li></ul>

Examine causes of global conflict in the first half of the 20th century leading up to the outbreak of World War I and World War II, including the role of imperialistic and nationalistic rivalries, alliances, militarism, fascism, totalitarianism, and communism.

Analyze short- and long-term outcomes of World War I and World War II from multiple perspectives.

Analyze the impact of advances in science and technology on World War I and World War II.

Analyze the causes and long-term effects of the Holocaust, including European antisemitism and 19th-century ideas about race and racial identity, Nazi dehumanization tactics, the state-sponsored persecution and attempted annihilation of Jews and other groups, and its effects on Zionism and the establishment of the modern state of Israel.

Compare and contrast the impact of political and military leadership of Axis and Allied powers during World War II.

Analyze the changes in cultural and social life due to artistic and literary movements and scientific and technological innovations.

Use academically appropriate sources to answer student-generated compelling and supporting questions about major conflicts in the early 20th century.

Analyze ways in which the perspectives of people in the present shape interpretations of the past using multiple sources and available data and technology.

Construct explanations about early to mid-20th-century events using multiple sources and available data and technology.

Analyze the change and continuity in global power after World War II, including the growing rivalry between Communist and democratic governments in various regions:<ul><li>Africa</li><li>The Americas</li><li>Asia</li><li>Europe</li><li>Middle East</li></ul>

Analyze the development of social, economic, political, and geographic transformations of regional connections into global trade networks.

Evaluate social, economical, political, and technological causes and effects of accelerating global interdependence resulting from deepening Cold War tensions.

Analyze short- and long-term causes and effects of the following on humanity:<ul><li>Disease</li><li>Famine</li><li>Genocide</li><li>Loss of natural resources</li><li>Terrorism</li></ul>

Assess geographic, human, and economic costs of war using evidence from multiple sources and perspectives:<ul><li>Disease</li><li>Famine</li><li>Genocide</li><li>Loss of natural resources</li><li>Terrorism</li></ul>

Assess the social, economic, political, and technological efforts to address global poverty, food and water access, healthcare, and equal human rights among the world's peoples.

Construct explanations about the consequences of human-made and natural disasters as they affect global trade, politics, and human migration.

Analyze ways historical contexts continue to shape people's perspectives.

Analyze the social, economic, political, and geographic effects of the expansion of empires in the eastern and western hemispheres from 1450-1770.

Evaluate the origin and effects of science and technology on the transformation of the first global age.

Evaluate ways in which globalization and the scarcity of resources contributed to conflict and cooperation within and among groups and empires.

Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people, including the Enlightenment and Age of Reason, Protestant Reformation, the Renaissance, rise of the humanities, and Scientific Revolution.

Analyze ways in which current interpretations of the past are limited by the extent to which available historical sources represent the perspectives of people at the time.

Construct historical arguments or explanations about significant transformations and innovations of the first global age utilizing evidence from a variety of primary and secondary sources.

Era 10 (1968 to Present)

Era 9 (1945 to Early 1970s)

Era 8 (1929-1945)

History - U.S. History Since 1890

Era 6 (1870-1900)

Eras 4 (1800-1861) & 5: (1850-1877)

History - United States History 1800-1900

Era 3 (1754 through the 1820s)

History - United States Beginnings through the 1820s

Era 6 (1450-1770)

History - World History since 1450

Understand key historical periods from the United States' Beginnings (Era 1) through 1850 (Era 4). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Analyze social, economic, and political involvement of African American men and women in the Revolutionary Era. This may include:<ul><li>Crispus Attucks</li><li>Benjamin Banneker</li><li>Phyllis Wheatley</li><li>Elizabeth "Mum Bett" Freeman</li><li>Samuel Poor</li><li>Peter Salem</li><li>James Armistead</li><li>First Rhode Island Regiment</li><li>Lord Dunmore's 1775 Proclamation</li><li>John Laurens advocating for black soldiers</li></ul>

Investigate the effects of revolutionary ideologies, including Enlightenment thinking and Great Awakening theology, on social and political perspectives of African Americans, including natural law, natural rights, and equality.

Evaluate social, economic, and political roles of African American men and women during the expansion of the early United States. This may include:<ul><li>Benjamin Banneker, District of Columbia surveyor, planner, astronomer, and naturalist</li><li>James Derham, first to practice medicine formerly</li><li>Jupiter Hamon, considered the founder of African-American literature</li><li>Absalom Jones, early abolitionist and first ordained priest in Episcopal Church</li><li>Alexander Twilight, first to earn bachelor's degree and first state-elected official in Vermont</li></ul>

Understand key historical periods from Expansion and Reform, 1801-1861 (Era 4), to the Development of the Industrial United States, 1870-1900 (Era 6). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Compare the effects of economic developments in multiple regions of the United States on African American men and women between 1820 and 1877:<ul><li>Invention of cotton gin</li><li>Use of steamboat for transportation</li><li>"King Cotton" economy of southern states</li></ul>

Examine various perspectives toward the political rights of African American men and women between 1820 and 1877 throughout different regions of the United States, including discrimination and segregation, "separate but equal," the Back-to-Africa movement, and full equality.

Analyze the responses of free and enslaved African American men and women to social, economic, and political conditions in different regions between 1820 and 1877. Responses may include:<ul><li>Resistance and escape: (e.g., Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, Robert Smalls, West Bogan)</li><li>Rebellions and uprisings: (e.g., Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser)</li><li>Calls for abolition and equality: (e.g., Frederick Douglass, Frances Harper, Ida B. Wells)</li><li>Court cases: (e.g., Dred Scott, Homer Plessy)</li><li>Back-to-Africa movement (e.g., Paul Cuffe, Martin Delany)</li><li>Political involvement and representation (e.g., Alexander Twilight, Hiram Rhodes Revels, Joseph Rainey)</li></ul>

Identify the contributions and changing roles of African Americans during the Civil War as soldiers, spies, and regiments, and the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Analyze various experiences and responses to challenges of African American men and women from post-Reconstruction through the Jim Crow time period and early 20th century:<ul><li>Art and entertainment: (e.g., Harlem Renaissance)</li><li>Education: (e.g., rising literacy rates, establishment of historically black colleges and universities, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Joseph Albert Booker)</li><li>Entrepreneurship: (e.g., Samuel T. Wilcox, Robert Gordon, Annie Malone, Frederick and Charles Patterson, Maggie Lena Walker, Madam C. J. Walker)</li><li>Religion: (e.g., growth of African Methodist Episcopal denomination [AME] and establishment of National Baptist Convention)</li><li>Political organizations and affiliations</li><li>Segregation and discrimination: (e.g., Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, "sundown towns," lynchings)</li></ul>

Analyze the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and the effects on African American men and women between 1877 and 1920

Understand key historical periods from the Emergence of Modern America, 1890-1930 (Era 7), to the Contemporary United States, 1968 to Present (Era 10). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Analyze change and continuity in the African American cultural identity, including the role of the Harlem Renaissance, in the area of art, music, film, literature, and dance.

Identify new social, economic, and political opportunities for African Americans.

Analyze the effects of the Great Depression and New Deal on the social and economic status of African American men and women in various geographic regions.

Analyze social, economic, and political actions and achievements of African Americans in the early 20th century:<ul><li>Great Migration</li><li>Military desegregation</li><li>Growth of civil rights organizations (e.g., National Association for the Advancement of Colored People [NAACP])</li><li>Other social, political, and labor organizations (e.g., Southern Tenant Farmers Union)</li></ul>

Analyze the influence of key African Americans on political and social change since 1950 using primary and secondary sources:<ul><li>Civil rights leaders: (e.g., Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King, A. Philip Randolph, Rosa Parks, Daisy Bates, John Lewis)</li><li>Political leaders: (e.g., Thurgood Marshall, Shirley Chisholm, Patricia Harris, Condelezza Rice, Barack Obama, Kamala Harris, Clarence Thomas, Ketanji Brown Jackson)</li><li>Military and science leaders: (e.g., Marcelite Harris, Katherine Johnson, Colin Powell, William E. Ward, Lloyd Austin)</li><li>Education and thought leaders: (e.g., Langston Hughes, Thomas Sowell, Zora Neale Hurston)</li></ul>

Examine various ways African Americans participated in the Civil Rights Movement and the effects of their actions:<ul><li>Boycotts: (e.g., Montgomery bus boycott, Mississippi Freedom Summer)</li><li>Marches: (e.g., Birmingham, Selma, March on Washington)</li><li>Music: (e.g., "People Get Ready," "We Shall Overcome," "Freedom Highway," "Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud," "A Change is Gonna Come")</li><li>Sit-ins: (e.g. Greensboro, Nashville, University of Chicago, Baltimore)</li><li>Speeches: (e.g., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail," "I have a Dream," Fannie Lou Hamer's Testimony, Kwame Ture on "Black Power," Ella Jo Baker on the struggle for Civil Rights)</li></ul>

Analyze the effects of legislative developments in Congress and state governments on the African American experience between 1950-1970 in the areas of voting, civil rights, affirmative action, fair housing, education, employment, and commerce.

Analyze the impact and achievements of African Americans on the arts, sports, medicine, business, entertainment industry, news media, and technology.

Identify unresolved social, economic, and political challenges for African American men and women from 1970 to the present.

Understand key historical periods from the Emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770 (World Era 6), to the Twentieth Century Since 1945 (World Era 9). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of nations and cultures of the world.

Analyze ancient West African civilizations and leaders through culture, politics, economics, and trade, including the Ghana Empire, Mali Empire (Mansa Musa), Kingdom of Benin (King Ewuare), and Songhai Empire (Askia the Great).

Analyze social, economic, and political effects of the transition from indentured servitude to enslaved labor on African Americans.

Analyze the process, course, and conditions of involuntary migration patterns from Africa to the Americas, including internal African and American trafficking, and its impact on African Americans.

Compare the influence of ancient West African cultures to African American culture, including language, religion, music, art, and food.

Era 10 (1968 to Present)

Era 8 (1929-1940)

Era 7 (1901-1930)

History - United States History since 1890

Eras 5 (1861-1874) & 6 (1875-1900)

Era 4 (1803-1860)

History - United States History 1800-1900

Eras 1 (Prehistory-1540), 2 (1541-1763), and 3 (1754-1802)

History - United States Beginnings through the 1820s

Understand key historical periods from the United States' Beginnings (Era 1) through 1850 (Era 4). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Compare pre-European cultural characteristics of early Indigenous populations in Arkansas:<ul><li>Caddo</li><li>Chickasaw</li><li>Osage</li><li>Quapaw</li><li>Tunica</li></ul>

Analyze the impact of European explorers on Indigenous populations and the environment:<ul><li>Hernando De Soto</li><li>Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet</li><li>René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</li><li>Henri de Tonti</li><li>Bernard de la Harpe</li></ul>

Analyze reasons for migration to pre-territorial Arkansas, including physical geography, natural resources, and economic opportunities.

Understand key historical periods from Expansion and Reform, 1801-1861 (Era 4), to the Development of the Industrial United States, 1870-1900 (Era 6). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Evaluate the intended and unintended consequences of public policies in Arkansas from the early 1800s:<ul><li>Louisiana Purchase: opening of Arkansas to U.S. settlement</li><li>Missouri Compromise: Statehood and expansion of slavery</li><li>Indian Removal Act: Osage, Caddo, and Quapaw relocation</li></ul>

Examine the effects of social and economic transformations on various regions and segments of the population, including the rise of various industries (e.g., oil, mining), prosperity, transportation networks (e.g., railroad growth), migration/immigration, and education reform.

Explain the process of Arkansas gaining territorial status and its advantages to settlers, including state and county court systems, government assistance, transportation, and economic growth.

Analyze actions of territorial officers and early governors and their effects on the development of Arkansas.

Evaluate the effects of human-made and natural disasters on Arkansas such as New Madrid earthquake, river flooding, disease outbreaks, and tornadoes.

Evaluate reasons for and impact of human settlement on various regions of Arkansas, including economic growth, agriculture, growth and development of roads and railroads, land grants, and establishment of schools and local government.

Analyze causes and effects of the secession of Arkansas from the Union, including the role of slavery and states' rights, Lincoln's call for a militia, cooperationists, and various state leaders.

Research social, economic, and political effects of the Civil War on citizens in various regions:<ul><li>Social and economic effects: (e.g., resource scarcity, changes in Southern way of life)</li><li>Political effects: (e.g., civil unrest, guerrilla warfare, abolition of slavery, lack of government, shifts in leadership and power, dual governments)</li></ul>

Analyze the historical significance of and reasons for Arkansas's involvement in the Civil War, including events, battles, and people in various regions of Arkansas:<ul><li>Events: (e.g., the Little Rock arsenal incident, the Secessionist Convention, split loyalties, Sultana Disaster)</li><li>Battles: (e.g., Pea Ridge, Prairie Grove, Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Helena, Camden Expedition, guerrilla warfare)</li><li>People: (e.g., Henry Rector, Isaac Murphy, David O. Dodd, Arkansas Peace Society, Harris Flanagin, Theophilus Holmes)</li></ul>

Examine the effects of emancipation and Reconstruction in Arkansas, including the Freedmen's Bureau, the sharecropping system, the Brooks-Baxter War, the Arkansas Constitution of 1874, election of black legislators, restoration of Confederate voting rights, and subsequent Jim Crow laws.

Understand key historical periods from the Emergence of Modern America, 1890-1930 (Era 7), to the Contemporary United States, 1968 to Present (Era 10). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Investigate social, economic, and political reforms of the Progressive Era in Arkansas, including women's suffrage, growth and development of railroads, industrialism, reform of the convict lease system, and establishment of educational institutions (e.g., land grant colleges, founding of the University of Arkansas and University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff).

Analyze multiple perspectives of the social, economic, and political effects of the Civil Rights Movement on various regions in Arkansas, including clashes between state and federal authorities:<ul><li>School integration (e.g., Hoxie, Fayetteville, Little Rock, including the Little Rock Nine)</li><li>Clashes between state and federal authorities (e.g., Orval Faubus, Ronald Davies, Dwight Eisenhower)</li><li>State legislation and The Lost Year - Central High 1958</li></ul>

Analyze the impact of Arkansas businesses and entrepreneurs locally, nationally, and globally, which may include agriculture (e.g., rice and soybean exports) and outdoor sports (e.g., duck hunting, fishing).

Examine effects of social and cultural transformations on various segments of the population across Arkansas, which may include music (e.g., spirituals, blues, jazz), art, clothing, food, and demographic changes in communities (e.g., immigrant communities of Little Italy, Altus, Catholic Point).

Analyze the effects of conflicts and their resolutions on the citizens of Arkansas, which may include the Vietnam War Draft, Cold War-era defense systems, missile silos (e.g., 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion), increased trade, voluntary and involuntary migration.

Analyze ways that Arkansans addressed a variety of public issues by using or challenging local, state, national, and international laws (e.g., voting, petitions, protest, communication with lawmakers and elected officials).

Evaluate contributions made by various leaders and entrepreneurs in Arkansas. This may include:<ul><li>Political: (e.g., Hattie Caraway, William H. Grey, Isaac George Bailey, Dorathy Allen, Winthrop Rockefeller, Bill Clinton)</li><li>Business: (e.g., Don Tyson, J.B. Hunt, Sam Walton, William Dillard, Jackson T. Stephens)</li><li>Military: (e.g., Douglas MacArthur)</li><li>Medicine: (e.g., Dr. Samuel Lee Kountz Jr., Ruth Beall)</li><li>Science and technology: (e.g., Isaac T. Gillam IV, Raye Jean Montague)</li><li>Social: (e.g., Daisy Bates, William Harold Flowers, John Walker)</li><li>Arts: (e.g., George Dickey, Johnny Cash, Jimmy Driftwood, Maya Angelou, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, George Newman, Billy Bob Thornton, Mary Steenburgen)</li></ul>

Analyze social events and issues in Arkansas surrounding discrimination and marginalization, including Jim Crow laws, rise of the Ku Klux Klan, Elaine Race Massacre, and school segregation.

Analyze economic developments in Arkansas during the early 20th century such as Monte Ne and Hot Springs resorts, oil boom, and the timber industry.

Evaluate social, economic, and political effects of World War l on Arkansans, including the establishment of the Arkansas chapter of the American Red Cross.

Examine responses to natural disasters in Arkansas including the Flu Pandemic of 1918, Flood of 1927, and Drought of 1930-31.

Analyze the social, economic, and political effects of the Great Depression and the New Deal on various regions and segments of the population in Arkansas, including unemployment, protectionism, tent cities, and the role of federal programs in the state:<ul><li>Civilian Conservation Corps (e.g., Crowley's Ridge State Park, Petit Jean State Park)</li><li>Federal Art Project (e.g., employed artists and musicians to record music throughout locations in Arkansas, including for prisoners at Cummins Prison, and to paint wall murals in a number of town post offices)</li><li>Works Progress Administration (e.g., Arkansas Slave Narrative; provided instruction in in-home canning and gardening classes)</li></ul>

Analyze social, economic, and political effects of World War II on various segments of the population in Arkansas, including soldiers off to war, war casualties, rationing, homefront (including women at work, war bonds, war production plants, victory gardens), prisoner of war camps (i.e., Camp Robinson, Fort Chaffee, Camp Dermott), and Japanese-American internment camps (i.e., Jerome and Rohwer).

Investigate contributions made by local, state, and national political leaders in Arkansas post-World War II.

Analyze the economic development of Arkansas post-World War II such as the timber industry, catfish farms, poultry industry, agriculture, transportation, tourism, and right-to-work law impact on labor unions.

Processes, Rules, and Laws

Participation and Deliberation

Civic and Political Institutions

Understand the structure and functions of various types of government and how they exercise their powers.

Demonstrate proper etiquette for interacting with the Arkansas and American flags and analyze the free speech rights of citizens regarding the use of the flag (e.g., West Virginia vs. Barnette, Texas vs. Johnson).

Examine ways the powers, responsibilities, and limits of the federal government have changed over time and are still contested.

Analyze the establishment and purposes of government and relate it to everyday life experiences including law enforcement, public schools, and city planning.

Compare the ideologies of various forms of government and ways they have changed over time:<ul><li>Anarchy</li><li>Autocracy</li><li>Direct democracy</li><li>Monarchy</li><li>Oligarchy</li><li>Representative democracy</li><li>Theocracy</li></ul>

Analyze the rationale for the structure of the U.S. Constitution using the Federalist Papers and other primary and secondary sources.

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the legislative branch of government, including the legislative process and the role of the Senate in giving states equal representation, using Article I of the Constitution and other primary and secondary sources.

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the executive branch of government, including the electoral college process, duties of the President, and supporting executive branch agencies using Article II of the Constitution and other primary and secondary sources

Analyze the purpose, organization, powers, and function of the judicial branch of government, including judicial review and the origin and duties of the court system and Supreme Court, as outlined by Article III of the Constitution, Marbury vs. Madison, and other primary and secondary sources.

Differentiate among delegated, implied (i.e., Necessary and Proper Clause), concurrent, and reserved powers (i.e., Tenth Amendment).

Analyze the reasons for checks and balances, separation of powers, and federalism within the Constitution to limit government power and protect individual liberty.

Understand the role of citizens in society, the ways the government protects the rights of citizens, the electoral process, and the role of political parties.

Evaluate rights and responsibilities of citizens in the United States using the Bill of Rights and various Supreme Court decisions.<ul><li>Free exercise of religion (Kennedy vs. Bremerton School District)</li><li>Freedom of speech (Brandenburg vs. Ohio)</li><li>Freedom of press (New York Times vs. United States)</li><li>Freedom of assembly (Bates vs. Little Rock)</li><li>Rights of students (Tinker vs. Des Moines)</li><li>Right against self-incrimination (Miranda vs. Arizona)</li><li>Right against unreasonable search or seizure (Katz vs. United States)</li><li>Presumption of innocence (Coffin vs. United States)</li><li>14th Amendment (Gitlow vs. New York)</li></ul> When addressing responsibilities, key topics may include:<ul><li>Obeying the law</li><li>Respecting rights of others</li><li>Paying taxes</li><li>Staying informed</li><li>Military service</li><li>Serving as juror</li><li>Voting</li></ul>

Assess the effects of civil rights legislation in the United States:<ul><li>Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968</li><li>Voting Rights Act of 1965</li><li>Immigration Act of 1965</li><li>Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975</li><li>Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</li><li>Indian Child Welfare Act</li><li>Tribal Self-Governance Act</li><li>Equal Pay Act of 1963</li><li>Title IX</li></ul>

Evaluate Arkansas laws and their impact on students:<ul><li>Bullying</li><li>Local ordinances</li><li>Penalties for juvenile activity</li><li>Penalties for truancy</li><li>Requirements for obtaining and grounds for revocation of a driver's license Civics</li></ul>

Critique the roles of political parties in the election process.

Analyze the election process in federal, state, and local governments including voter registration, primary elections, and general elections.

Evaluate various influences on political parties during the electoral process, such as interest groups, lobbyists, Political Action Committees (PACs), and major events.

Assess the influence of media on the electoral process, including candidate debates, news reporting and analysis, political cartoons, public opinion polls, propaganda techniques, and social media.

Analyze the process and impact of redistricting on election statistics and voting patterns, including the state legislature's role (Article I, Section 4), the history of gerrymandering across states, and modern reforms to redistricting.

Compare the roles of citizen and non-citizen residents in the United States, including the protections of and limits on immigrant rights (e.g., Plyler vs. Doe, Nielsen vs. Preap).

Construct explanations of the ways citizenship in the United States has changed over time and been affected by public policy, geographic location, state and federal law, and demographics.

Analyze the requirements to be a U.S. citizen, including naturalization and the different routes non-citizens can take to become citizens.

Discuss the history, purpose, and methods of the U.S. Census.

Analyze historical documents and events that set the ideological foundations for the U.S. Constitution:<ul><li>Magna Carta</li><li>Mayflower Compact</li><li>English Bill of Rights of 1689</li><li>Declaration of Independence</li><li>Articles of Confederation</li><li>Constitutional Convention</li></ul>

Evaluate the ideological influences the Enlightenment had on the framers of the U.S. Constitution:<ul><li>John Locke</li><li>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</li><li>Charles-Louis Montesquieu</li></ul>

Examine the amendments to the U.S. Constitution in order to determine how the roles of citizens and the federal and state governments have changed over time:<ul><li>Bill of Rights</li><li>Incorporation of states' rights into government</li><li>Due process</li><li>Citizenship and equal protection (14th Amendment)</li><li>Voting rights (e.g., 15th Amendment, 19th Amendment, 24th Amendment, 26th Amendment)</li></ul>

Analyze the protections of and limits on the rights of citizens of the United States when outside the borders of the United States.

Understand the process of making and changing laws and the ways institutions work together in carrying out the laws.

Investigate various methods for creating federal, state, and local laws, including the legislative process, ballot initiatives, and referendums.

Compare methods of amending the U.S. Constitution, including the role of Congress, state legislatures, and convention of the states (i.e., Article V).

Analyze the role the U.S. Supreme Court has on the law-making process.

Identify intended and unintended consequences of public policies.<ul><li>Transportation Security Administration travel policies</li><li>Environmental protection policies</li><li>Public health policies</li></ul>

Analyze cooperation and conflict among federal, state, and local governments when carrying out public policy (e.g., elections/voting, law enforcement, education, housing).

Distinguish between criminal law and civil law as it pertains to both adults and juveniles.

Personal Finance

Personal Finance Management

Global Economy

National Economy

Exchange and Markets

Economic Decision-Making

Understand the impact of economic decision-making. This includes considering the marginal costs and marginal benefits of alternatives.

Demonstrate proper etiquette for interacting with the Arkansas and American flags.

Evaluate the roles of scarcity, incentives, trade-offs, and opportunity cost in decision-making (e.g., PACED decision-making model, cost/benefit analysis, employment choices, the four factors of production).

Justify various economic solutions to problems affecting an individual or society using marginal cost and marginal benefit analysis.

Understand the exchange of goods and services. This includes different allocation methods and changes in supply and demand; the role of producers, consumers, and government in a market economy; and the degree of competition among buyers and among sellers in markets.

Identify various allocation methods used in different circumstances, countries, and economies (e.g., price, auction, lottery, first come, first served, personal characteristics, a contest/performance-based, fiat, or a combination).

Demonstrate changes in supply and demand using graphs to show shifts, shortages, surpluses, and changes in equilibrium price and quantity using the supply and demand model.

Analyze the role of consumers in a market economy.

Analyze the role of producers in a market economy.

Evaluate intended and unintended consequences of government policies created to improve market outcomes (e.g., regulatory, participatory, supervisory, price floor, price ceiling, minimum wage).

Compare and contrast various degrees of competition in markets (e.g., perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly).

Explain how differences in the extent of competition in various markets can affect price, quantity, and variety.

Understand the growth, stability, and interdependence within a national economy. This includes the current and future state of the economy using economic indicators and monetary and fiscal policies for a variety of economic conditions.

Analyze economic indicators used to measure economic performance including, but not limited to, unemployment, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and inflation.

Identify various causes and impacts of inflation, deflation, and stagflation, including the role of federal fiscal policies.

Evaluate the impact of advancements in technology, investments in capital goods, and increases in human capital on economic growth and standards of living.

Compare and contrast the roles and functions of financial institutions in the United States including banking practices* and regulation of savings and investments.

Examine primary (e.g., ample reserves) and secondary (e.g., discount rate, reserve requirement, interest on reserves) monetary policy tools used by the Federal Reserve System.

Examine fiscal policy tools used by the executive and legislative branches of the government, including taxation, spending, regulation, and printing of currency.

Determine how the federal budget (i.e., spending and taxation) creates surpluses or deficits and impacts the national debt.

Understand the growth, stability, and interdependence within a global economy. This includes ways in which trade leads to increased economic interdependence.

Analyze the role of comparative advantage in trade and global markets using available data and a variety of sources.

Explain ways in which current trends in globalization affect economic growth, labor markets, rights of individuals, the environment, technological advancement, and resource and income distribution in different nations.

Research the impact of international and national economic and political policies on global trade using a variety of sources from multiple perspectives (e.g., trade policies, tariffs, quotas, immigration laws, fiscal policy, regulations).

Understand the factors affecting income, wealth, and financial risk. This includes the role of credit in personal finance.

Analyze the impact of education, training, job seeking skills, and workforce readiness skills (i.e., soft skills) on productivity, earning potential, and employment:<ul><li>Job-seeking skills: network, interview skills, resumé writing</li><li>Workforce readiness skills: positive attitude, problem-solving, communication, time management, leadership, active listening, teamwork, meeting basic employer expectations and requirements</li></ul>

Critique components of personal money management in order to build short-term and long-term wealth:<ul><li>Income (e.g., salary, hourly, overtime, commission)</li><li>Saving (e.g., stick to a budget, automate savings, cut out unnecessary spending) and investing (e.g., growth, shares, property)</li><li>Planning for retirement</li><li>Home-ownership</li><li>Management of expenses and debt</li></ul>

Analyze insurance as a risk-management strategy to protect against unforeseen financial loss (e.g., auto, health, life, homeowners, renters, disability, liability).

Analyze income and expenses to create a household budget including food, shelter, transportation, utilities, insurance, savings, charitable giving, and other expenses.

Examine employment forms W-4, W-2, I-9, payroll deductions, and other deductions in order to file an appropriate income tax form.

Evaluate costs and benefits (e.g., interest rates, fees, penalties, rewards) of using various types of credit*:<ul><li>Student loans</li><li>Credit cards</li><li>Personal loans (e.g., auto, home mortgage)</li></ul>

Analyze factors that affect creditworthiness (e.g., credit score, three Cs of credit).

Evaluate strategies to avoid and correct credit issues:<ul><li>Identity protection</li><li>Bankruptcy</li><li>Debt and credit management</li></ul>

Discuss consumer protection laws (e.g., Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, Truth in Lending Act, Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act).

Explain factors that influence career and job selection

Determine ways to locate and apply for a job by<ul><li>Completing a job search in an area of interest</li><li>Completing a job application, cover letter, resumé, and follow-up letter</li></ul>

Evaluate ways to make a positive impression during a job interview

Compare job offers for employee benefits (e.g., time, income, insurance, retirement)

Summarize skills needed to be successful in the workplace<ul><li>Communication</li><li>Time Management</li><li>Basic Employer Expectations</li></ul>

Compare and contrast the methods by which employees are paid (e.g., paycheck forms such as direct deposit, paper check, payroll card)

Represent and analyze various types of income deductions and how they impact income (e.g., payroll taxes, deductions, gross pay, net pay)

Analyze differences among salary, hourly, commission, and overtime pay

Complete work-related forms<ul><li>W-4</li><li>I-9</li><li>Medical forms</li><li>Life Insurance forms</li><li>Retirement forms</li></ul>

Explore potential careers (including an employment forecast) and the steps needed to achieve them based on interests and/or talents

Explore opportunities for internships, job shadowing, and real-world experiences to determine future career paths

Develop a flowchart to outline the steps needed to achieve chosen career paths (e.g., trade school, associate's degree, bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctorate)

Identify types of fraud and credit abuse and develop strategies to protect oneself from identity fraud* and theft*

Discuss common crimes against consumers and examine federal consumer protection laws

Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of renting versus owning a home (e.g., costs, taxes, insurance)

Analyze factors that determine/influence mortgage costs (e.g., interest rate, term length, credit rating)

Understand different components of credit by:<ul><li>Comparing and contrasting sources of credit (e.g., car loans, student loans, credit cards)</li><li>Discussing the establishment and use of credit</li><li>Identifying the factors that contribute to a credit score</li><li>Calculating the actual costs associated with credit</li><li>Discussing methods of solving credit problems</li><li>Evaluating the risks associated with overextending credit</li></ul>

Understand the different components of bankruptcy by:<ul><li>Identifying and evaluating types of bankruptcy</li><li>Examining the impact of declaring bankruptcy and how it may affect future financial opportunities</li></ul>

Understand the different components of loans by:<ul><li>Differentiating between the types of loans (e.g., payday, auto, home, personal, student)</li><li>Examining the lending process from application to approval</li><li>Calculating true costs associated with loans (e.g., term length, interest rate)</li><li>Understanding the factors that contribute to different interest rates</li><li>Evaluating the implications of obtaining and/or defaulting on a loan</li></ul>

Compare types of banking institutions including products and services available.

Explore the process of opening and managing different types of accounts (e.g., checking, savings).

Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various retirement plans (e.g., pension, 401K, IRA, social security)

Analyze expenses to create a household budget including, but not limited to, housing, utilities, food, saving, insurance, taxes (e.g., taxes on earnings such as income tax, taxes on what people buy such as groceries (i.e., sales tax), and items people own such as a house or car (i.e., property tax), spending, and charitable giving

Examine the influences on financial planning decisions (e.g., long-term, needs vs. wants, priorities, values, stages of life, estate planning)

Analyze the need for insurance in managing risk and how risk affects cost

Investigate the relationship between insurance premiums and deductibles

Evaluate auto insurance options and factors affecting the cost of coverage including split limit

Assess health-related insurance options and types of coverage (e.g., health, dental, vision, stroke/heart disease, cancer, accident, short-term/long-term disability, long-term care)

Analyze various types of life insurance (e.g., term, whole)

Investigate property insurance and potential riders including, but not limited to, homeowner's, renter's, and mortgage

Compare the effects of interest rates as applied to saving and borrowing money

Examine how consumers are affected by raising and lowering interest rates

Calculate simple and compound interest and explain the difference between the two

Analyze the relationship between risk and return

Compare the characteristics of saving tools (e.g., liquidity, interest rates, term length) to determine how to best meet a financial goal

Research different types of investments and consider the importance of diversification<ul><li>Annuities</li><li>Bonds</li><li>Money Market Funds</li><li>Mutual Funds</li><li>Real Estate</li><li>Stocks</li></ul>

Understand the regulation of savings and investments.

Understand the evolving nature of psychology and the methods and measurements used to study behavior and mental processes. This includes the behaviors related to sensation, perception, and consciousness; how biology influences psychology; the cognitive, moral, and social development throughout the human lifespan; and the causes and effects of psychological phenomena.

Analyze developments in the field of psychology as a social science. Developments may include:<ul><li>Scientific methods</li><li>Empirical research</li><li>Development of theories</li><li>Demarcation of psychology as a pseudo-science</li><li>Contemporary applied psychology</li></ul>

Evaluate the methods of conditioning and learning theories.

Evaluate biological processes and disorders associated with memory.

Examine measures of intelligence and compare how measures and perceptions of intelligence such as theories, tests, cultural understanding, and multiple perspectives have changed over time.

Students will explain theories of motivation, emotion, and factors that influence emotional interpretation and expression.

Students will examine theories of personality, assessment, and influences related to personality.

Evaluate causes, impacts, and treatment of psychological disorders.

Compare contemporary perspectives used by psychologists.

Analyze methods for collecting data in the field of psychology.

Evaluate the impact of American Psychological Association (APA) and federal guidelines on the ethical treatment of human and nonhuman research participants (e.g., informed consent, avoiding harm, respect for individual rights).

Analyze how the processes of sensation and perception influence experiences and expectations in one's environment.

Compare different stages of consciousness:<ul><li>Conscious</li><li>Unconscious</li><li>Sleep states</li><li>Other states such as meditation, relaxation, hypnosis, and flow state</li></ul>

Explain the effects of the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system on behavior.

Analyze interactions between biological factors and life experiences and their influences on behavior.

Explain how lifespan development (e.g., childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging) influences behavior and human interactions.

Sociological Perspectives and Methods of Inquiry

Understand the sociological perspective and the methods and strategies of researching social issues. This includes the cultural interaction between individuals and society and the evolution of social structures and culture; socialization and its impact on individuals and groups; and the effects and factors that lead to social stratification on groups and individuals.

Analyze the development of the field of sociology including contributions of various individuals using a variety of sources.

Examine the importance of norms and values to culture and the effects on social structure.

Analyze the role socialization agents (e.g., family, school, peer groups, mass media, and social media) play in human development.

Examine the effect of norms and values on societies.

Analyze the social construction of groups and the interactions between groups and individuals in society.

Examine societal changes over time and factors influencing those changes.

Analyze common patterns and effects of social stratification on groups and individuals using a variety of sources. This may include region, age, race, gender, religion, and socioeconomic status.

Examine factors that contribute to and maintain social inequalities.

Propose alternative responses to inequality from a variety of sources from multiple perspectives.

Compare the theoretical perspectives used by sociologists such as functional perspective, conflict perspective, and interaction perspective.

Analyze and apply research methods such as observation, survey, field experimentation, and content analysis used by social scientists to study human society.

Design sociological questions that examine various social phenomena.

Collect and analyze data designed to answer a question that examines the impact of various social phenomena.

Analyze how culture influences individuals using sources from multiple perspectives.

Examine the role social institutions such as socio-economic status, education, belief systems, social patterns, and family play in society.

Analyze key components of culture.

Compare how cultures change and resist change.

Era 10 (1968 to Present, Contemporary United States to Present)

Era 9 (1945 to Early 1970s)

Era 8 (1929-1945)

History - United States History since 1929

Understand key historical periods from the Emergence of Modern America, 1890-1930 (Era 7), to the Contemporary United States, 1968 to Present (Era 10). This includes the patterns of social, economic, and political change over time and the ways people view, construct, and interpret the history of the United States.

Demonstrate proper etiquette for interacting with the Arkansas and American flags and analyze the free speech rights of citizens regarding the use of flags (e.g., West Virginia vs. Barnette, Texas vs. Johnson).

Evaluate the use of media and propaganda to influence the viewpoints and perspectives of the American people during World War II.

Examine the social, economic, and political results and implications of World War II nationally, including the end of American isolationism, the Yalta Conference and its global implications, and cultural changes in the U.S. (e.g., baby boom, women in workforce, desegregation of armed forces).

Analyze the origins, developments, and effects of Soviet-American rivalry in the Cold War:<ul><li>Origins: (e.g., Yalta Conference, differences in Soviet and American philosophies and economic and political systems)</li><li>Developments: (e.g., Marshall Plan, Berlin Blockade, Truman Doctrine, American containment policy, Soviet aggression)</li><li>Effects: [e.g., international alliances and treaties (such as NATO, Warsaw Pact), nuclear arms race, space race, McCarthyism]</li></ul>

Analyze sources of conflict and confrontation during the post-World War II era using maps and other sources:<ul><li>Nuclear weapons</li><li>Truman Doctrine</li><li>Proxy wars and direct conflicts, including Korean War, Vietnam War, and Cuban Missile Crisis</li></ul>

Discuss the effects of changes in U.S. foreign policy following World War II, including American containment and appeasement policies in Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.

Evaluate the effectiveness of international organizations in preventing, resolving, or perpetuating conflicts:<ul><li>United Nations</li><li>NATO</li><li>Warsaw Pact</li></ul>

Construct explanations on reasons for the emergence of the United States as a superpower by the mid-1970s.

Analyze the roles of individuals, groups, and events in securing civil rights during the mid-20th century:<ul><li>Individuals: (e.g., Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Earl Warren, Thurgood Marshall, Cesar Chavez)</li><li>Groups: (e.g., NAACP, Freedom Riders, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)</li><li>Events: (e.g., murder of Emmett Till, Brown vs. Board of Education, desegregation of Little Rock Central High School, passage of 24th Amendment, passage of Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, sit-ins, assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.)</li></ul>

Analyze causes and effects of cultural changes on society in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s:<ul><li>Changing views on family structure and the roles of women and students</li><li>Suburbanization</li><li>Secularization (e.g., Engel vs. Vitale, Lemon test)</li><li>Counterculture, student protests, and increased drug use (e.g., Tinker vs. Des Moines, Woodstock, Summer of Love, Vietnam protests)</li><li>Law and politics (e.g., Chicago Seven trial, 26th Amendment, Congress' use of interstate commerce clause)</li></ul>

Analyze the technological transformation on social, economic, and political trends in America during the 1970s and 1980s.

Analyze national and international causes of the Great Depression:<ul><li>Political causes: (e.g., protectionism, tariffs)</li><li>Economic and monetary causes: (e.g., speculation, overproduction, farm surplus, foreclosures, easy credit, deflation, unemployment)</li><li>Environmental causes (e.g., Dust Bowl)</li></ul>

Examine domestic policies and outcomes of the federal government between 1945 and 1970:<ul><li>Eisenhower Modern Republicanism</li><li>Federal Highway Act of 1956</li><li>New Frontier</li><li>Great Society</li><li>Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968</li><li>Southern Manifesto and Dixiecrats</li></ul>

Construct historical arguments of long-term effects of social and economic changes occurring during the mid-20th century using available data and multiple sources.

Examine continuity and change in domestic policies under multiple administrations since 1968, including debates on the national debt, size and role of government, tax policy, inflation, and "Reaganomics."

Analyze effects of domestic policies on Americans in marginalized groups:<ul><li>Growth of African American middle class, increased political representation</li> <li>Protection of rights for Americans with disabilities (e.g., Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990)</li> <li>Increased recognition of Indigenous sovereignty (e.g., Indian Child Welfare Act, Tribal Self Governance Act)</li> <li>Progress of women's rights (e.g., Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title IX)</li> <li>Other impactful policies (e.g., "War on Drugs," welfare state, Patriot Act)</li></ul>

Examine continuity and change in foreign policies under Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and George H.W. Bush.

Examine reasons for and consequences of United States involvement in foreign conflicts, including American foreign policy under multiple administrations, and the changing view of America's international role:<ul><li>Foreign policies of Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joe Biden</li><li>Role of NATO in Eastern Europe and post-Communist Russia</li><li>Response to China as a competitor and possible threat</li><li>U.S. involved conflicts: (e.g., Grenada, First and Second Gulf Wars, Iran-Contra, Nicaragua, Libya, Syria, Israel, Afghanistan)</li></ul>

Construct explanations of change and continuity in foreign policy since 2001 after the September 11th, terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C.:<ul><li>Response of the Bush administration</li><li>Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq</li><li>Domestic and international efforts to combat terrorism (e.g., the Patriot Act, Hamdi vs. Rumsfeld)</li></ul>

Examine the social and economic effects of globalization on the United States:<ul><li>Trade agreements and organizations [e.g., European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO)]</li><li>Economic shifts due to international agreements (e.g., cheap labor, decline in American manufacturing, multinational corporations)</li><li>Increased immigration from Latin America, South Asia, and East Asia</li></ul>

Analyze the effectiveness of citizens, institutions, and the government in addressing environmental and social issues at the local, state, and national levels since 1968:<ul><li>Environmental issues: [e.g., creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Earth Day movement, National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, push towards alternative forms of energy]</li><li>Social issues: (e.g., increased government involvement in housing and healthcare, expansion of civil rights, Reagan Revolution, welfare and unemployment reform, AIDS crisis, coronavirus pandemic)</li></ul>

Evaluate the cultural and technological transformation in the United States from 1968 to the present, including the increased use of personal technology, advancements in energy and medicine, and influence of the media and entertainment industry (e.g., websites, documentaries, movies, newspaper articles, biographies).

Analyze the expanded role of the federal government's domestic interventions and fiscal policy in response to the Great Depression:<ul><li>New Deal legislation (e.g., Emergency Banking Relief Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Social Security Act, National Labor Relations Act)</li><li>Federal work relief agencies (e.g., Tennessee Valley Authority, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, Work Progress Administration)</li><li>Changing role of the federal government in the economy (e.g., social security, minimum wage)</li></ul>

Evaluate the effectiveness of New Deal policies on various regions during the Great Depression, including their effects on unemployment, poverty, infrastructure, and the views of Americans toward the role of government in the economy.

Evaluate various motives for initial U.S. neutrality and later involvement in World War II:<ul><li>Isolationist foreign policy</li><li>Financial and ideological motives</li><li>Direct threat by foreign powers to American interests</li></ul>

Examine the roles and perspectives of national and foreign leaders during World War II.

Analyze the historical significance of key battles, events, and people during World War II, including the Holocaust:<ul><li>Battles: (e.g., Pearl Harbor, Battle of Midway, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge, Iwo Jima, Battle of Okinawa)</li><li>Events: (e.g., Guam liberation, atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, V-E Day, V-J Day)</li><li>People: (e.g., Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Patton, Douglas MacArthur, Navajo Code Talkers, Fighting Red Tails, 442nd Infantry Regiment)</li></ul>

Analyze the social, economic, and political effects of World War II on the American people:<ul><li>War efforts at home (e.g., victory gardens, rationing, defense industry towns, contributions of women and minorities)</li><li>Japanese-American internment camps and Korematsu vs. United States</li><li>Service member casualties, including prisoners of war, missing and wounded in action</li></ul>

Analyze the impact of advances in science and technology during World War II.

Environment and Society

Human Systems

World in Spatial Terms

Understand the purpose of geographic tools (e.g., maps, globes, charts, graphs) to interpret spatial information. This includes the spatial organization of people, cultures, places, and environments within various regions and geographic skills to interpret the past, the present, and plan for the future.

Investigate political, cultural, and economic relationships between places and regions using geographic representations and geospatial technologies.

Analyze the impact of cultural and social factors on individuals' varying perceptions of places and regions created by physical characteristics and human influences.

Use the physical and cultural characteristics of regions to justify the creation of a new region based on current trends and data.

Solve geographic problems created by physical characteristics of places and regions using multiple geographic representations and geospatial technologies.

Analyze various forms of maps that illustrate multiple points of view.

Create geographic representations to illustrate demographic information using data collected from a variety of sources.

Analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments using location, distance, direction, scale, movement, region, and density.

Research the impact of interdependence and accessibility among people, places, and environments.

Use spatial data to answer student-generated questions about the relationships between spatial organization of people and places, people and environment, and places and environments.

Analyze the impact of physical characteristics and human influences on the creation of various regions by examining spatial patterns, geographic representations, and available geospatial technologies.

Compare the changes over time on the boundaries and characteristics of regions caused by various factors using geographic representations and data (e.g., climate, technology, migration, conflict, government).

Understand the characteristics of different physical and cultural regions and how they change over time (through demographic changes, migration, settlement, and conflict). This includes the impact physical geography has on human systems, including politics, culture, economics, and use of resources and how a region or culture interacts with itself, the environment, and other regions and cultures.

Use demographic data to characterize the populations of various places and reasons for the changes over time (e.g., birth rates, death rates, gender, Holocaust, age, race, ethnicity).

Examine the diffusion of a phenomenon and its impact on various regions of contact (e.g., spread of infectious disease, invasive plants, invasive animals).

Analyze the effects of various influences on population distribution and migration on society (e.g., history, migration, physical environment, economy, politics, technology, climate, land use, resources).

Analyze various push-and pull factors that lead to migration and changes in these factors over time.

Analyze a variety of factors that create cultural regions and affect spatial patterns and movements of various cultures (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, languages, ethnicity, gender).

Examine varying attitudes among different cultures toward the uses of natural and human resources.

Evaluate societal changes resulting from cultural diffusion and cultural convergence.

Analyze changes in the environment and cultural characteristics of a place or region that influence spatial patterns of trade and land use over time.

Evaluate the benefits of various locations in terms of natural, human, and capital resources.

Evaluate how economic globalization and the expanding use of scarce resources contribute to conflict and cooperation within and among countries.

Understand the impact humans have on the environment. This includes the distribution, management, and consumption of resources.

Analyze effects of changes made by humans on the physical environment (e.g., industrialization, agricultural, rural land use, urban land use, mining, forestry).

Analyze ways people have used technology to adapt to and modify the physical environment.

Research consequences of human-made and natural catastrophes on global trade, politics, and human migration using a variety of primary and secondary sources.